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Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Subphylum : Vertebrata Class : Reptile Order : Squamata Family : Iguanidae Genus : Cyclura Species : Cyclura Cornuta The rhinoceros iguana (Cyclura cornuta) is an endangered species of iguana that is native to the Caribbean island of Hispaniola and its surrounding islands. These islands are shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic meaning that this iguana species lives in a tropical climate zone and within the neotropical biogeographical realm. These unusual looking reptiles prefer to live within a scrub woodland, scrubland, or moist forest environment, where they are typically most active during the day. However, they can also be found inhabiting dry forests rocky habitats of eroded limestone in coastal terraces, lowlands of the mainland, and several offshore islands and small cays. During the night this species will often be found in hollow trunks or caves where they can sleep with some form of protection. This species is a large lizard, varying in length from 60 to 136 centimetres (24 to 54 in), making them the largest in their genus. Males tend to be larger than the females, and have more prominent dorsal crests and horns; with males also featuring large femoral pores on their thighs, which are used to release pheromones. The skin colours of the rhinoceros iguana range from a steely/stone grey to a dark green and even can even be a brown colour. The name ‘rhinoceros iguana’ derives from the bony-plated pseudo-horn or outgrowth typically on the iguana’s snout which resembles that of the horn of a rhinoceros. The rhinoceros iguana is primarily a herbivore species consuming leaves, flowers, berries, seeds, and fruits from different plant species. However, they will also eat small lizards, snakes, insects, and even carrion. This species typically attacks aggressively; biting and repeatedly striking their tail, especially if threatened although typically quick to flee. They are a polygynous species meaning that a single male will have multiple female mates, with their breeding season typically being between the months of May and June (lasting 2-3 weeks). During these 2-3 weeks males tend to become the most territorial and the most aggressive. Females have a pregnancy duration of 4 to 5 months and the eggs within a clutch have an incubation period of approximately 85 days. After the female has laid her clutch they will guard and protect their nests for several days. The size of a clutch can typically vary between 2 to 34 eggs with an average of 17, with these being some off the largest lizard eggs to be produced in the world. Once the young have hatched they are very active, do not require any parental care, and are able to fend for themselves from the very first moment. Male rhinoceros iguanas reach reproductive maturity at 4 to 5 years of age, while females reach reproductive maturity when they are around 2 to 3 years old. The International Iguana Foundation (IIF) estimate there to be between 10,000-17,000 individual rhinoceros iguanas within the wild. Their IUCN status currently is endangered (EN) on the IUCN red list, with their numbers decreasing. Rhinoceros iguanas are threatened by illegal poaching for food and medicinal use, non-native species such as feral cats, dogs, mongoose and pigs pose a predation risk, and competitors for food sources like herbivores such as cows and goats. Habitat is often destroyed due to charcoal production, as well as development for tourism, land conversion for agriculture, and bauxite mining. A local non-governmental organisation, Grupo Jaragua, manages conservation efforts for Rhinoceros iguanas in the Dominican Republic. These include habitat monitoring and restoration, outreach and education, and land acquisition. Recommended conservation measures are better law enforcement and the development of an island-wide conservation management plan. Rhinoceros iguanas play an important role in distributing seeds to new areas (particularly when females migrate to nesting sites) and, as the largest native herbivores of their island's ecosystem, they are essential for maintaining the balance of vegetation.

Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Carnivora Family : Canidae Genus : Vulpes Species : Vulpes vulpes The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is one of the UK’s most popular mammals and are not an uncommon sight throughout both urban areas and the countryside. But what do you do if you come across a fox cub or cubs in an everyday scenario? Firstly, some information about fox cubs/kits/pups. During the winter parent foxes start to create and defend their territories with mating season starting in January. Most people tend to report hearing foxes screaming during the winter as this is when they are most vocal. Fox cubs tend to be born within the spring months (usually a litter of four to five cubs) and even start to emerge from their den in late spring (when most cubs are found). When born the fox cubs are born, they are both blind and deaf and weigh around 100g. They are born with dark grey fur which will change to a darker brown in the first two weeks as their ears and eyes open (eyes appearing blue). The cub’s fur will start to turn red on their face and eyes will change from blue to amber at around one month old. This is also when they start to take their first steps outside of the den with muzzles starting to turn white. Between six weeks to two months their darker coats fade to red. During this time the little ones are also starting to be weaned from their mother and becoming more independent. During summer months the fox cubs will grow significantly and become independent from parents that will leave the den to start to moult. In autumn the cubs will be fully grown and ready to completely leave their family groups in order to find territories of their very own to start the cycle all over again. If you come across a fox cub/kit/pup the first thing to remember is that it may not have been abandoned and that a parent fox might be nearby. Parent foxes are not likely to approach or go near the baby fox/foxes if there are people nearby but will usually be nearby watching. Reuniting the cub/kit/pup with their mother is the best chance of survival for the young ones within the wild. If the young fox found is in a road or somewhere exposed (immediate danger) move them to a safer, sheltered spot nearby while trying to handle them as little as possible. If able and near a road try to check to see if there is any roadkill near the location of the cub as this could be the cub’s parent. Always remember to be aware of all traffic and remember not to put yourself or others at risk or in danger. When handling/moving the cub try to wear a pair of sturdy gloves if possible or use a thick towel/blanket as fox cubs can still give a painful, nasty bite. Be sure to keep any pets well away from the cub during this time. If you come across and disturb a fox litter near or within a den and the mother runs away, move away from the cubs, and monitor them from a distance. Their mother should return when she feels safe and will move her cubs to another den. If the fox cub is already within a safe, sheltered area keep your distance but watch the cub from afar (if possible) for a few hours as if the cub’s eyes are open the parents are probably nearby and should return soon. However, if the cub’s eyes are closed this means that the cub is still depended on their mother and should not be above ground, out of the den as it would be too young. If a cub with its eyes closed is found either phone the RSPCA, a local trusted vets, or a local rehabilitator for more advice on what to do. You should also call any of these first before deciding to move the cub eyes open or closed as these experts might be able to reunite the cub with its parents. If you have been asked to take a found fox cub to a local vet or local wildlife rehabilitator, make sure to record the exact location you rescued the cub from in case they can be returned (my personal recommendation is to note down or screenshot the exact location using what3words to write on the wildlife forms at the vets or to give to the local wildlife rehabilitator). To survive fox cubs, need expert care and company of other fox cubs to be able to learn essential survival skills and techniques like how to hunt and what dangers may affect them in the wild. It is always best if unsure to phone an expert as mentioned above but if given the advice to leave the cub and you are worried or concerned you can supply supplementary food and/or water near the cub out of harms way and check if the cub is still there in 24 hours and even 48 hours later. If the cub hasn’t moved phone one of the experts previously mentioned and explain you phoned n hours prior, but the cub is still there and listen to advice given. If the cub seems sick or injured keep your distance and monitor from afar. Be sure not to handle the fox yourself and phone either the RSPCA, a local trusted vets, or a local wildlife rehabilitator as they will be able to give the best advice on steps moving forward or may come collect the fox themselves. When my family and I found a fox cub we firstly kept our distance and observed the cub for over an hour. We then phoned our local out of hours vets and read as much as we could from various trusted sites including the RSPCA website for advice. After speaking to our local vets, we were told to bring to cub in as the cub found was very weak, malnourished, and dehydrated. There was also a large fox found within a road not too far away from where the cub was found having been knocked down by a vehicle and sadly had passed away and all parties were thinking that this could’ve been mum. To handle the young fox, we used a thick towel as it was on hand and made sure the cub was wrapped up and secured. We drove the fox cub to the vets where they supplied a carrier to further secure the cub and to make the cub feel safer/better protected. Using What3Words we were able to give the vets the exact location the cub was found. The vets then contacted the RSPCA who transported the cub to a wildlife rehabilitation centre across the country the next day.   Below are some images of my experience. All photos taken by Ella Munro Fox cubs | RSPCA - RSPCA - rspca.org.uk - https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/wildlife/foxes/cubs What3Words - https://what3words.com/

Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Charadriiformes Family : Laridae Genus : Larosterna Species : Larosterna inca In the world of birds, there are some species that captivate the imagination with their striking appearance and intriguing behaviours. Among these avian wonders is the Inca Tern (Larosterna inca), a charismatic seabird native to the coastal regions of South America. With its distinctively patterned plumage and remarkable aerial acrobatics, the Inca Tern stands out as a symbol of the rich biodiversity of its habitat. Named after the ancient Inca civilization that once flourished along the western coast of South America, the Inca Tern is a sight to behold. Its most distinguishing feature is its striking black-and-white plumage, accented by a prominent red beak and webbed feet and narrow wattles of bright yellow skin below the birds’ white facial features. However, what truly sets the Inca Tern apart is its unique facial adornments. Both sexes have a bright white handlebar like moustache and look alike. Juveniles appear more brownish-purple and don’t grow their moustaches until they are about two years old. Scientists have learned that the length of the Inca Tern’s moustache indicates the health condition of the bird, meaning the longer the moustache the healthier the individual. Inca terns are one of the larger species of Tern measuring approximately between 39-42 centimetres (15.35-16.53 inches) in length and a wingspan of around 80 centimetres (31.5 inches). This costal bird can weigh anywhere between 180-210 grams (6.35-7.41 ounces). Larosterna inca typically live up to or around 14 years old within the wild and have been known to live up to around 25 years old when in captivity. These birds are primarily found along the Pacific coastline of South America, from northern Peru to central Chile. They are most spotted in coastal habitats such as rocky cliffs, sandy beaches, and offshore islands. These birds are well adapted to life by the sea, with strong wings that allow them to glide effortlessly over the ocean waves. These unique coastal birds typically do not migrate like other seabirds unless non-breading individuals have a lack of resources such as food. Larosterna inca has a call that is described as a cat like meow or angry cat meow. This call can be loud and even louder when part of their large colony’s chorus and especially during courtship periods where these seabirds mark their territories and call to mates. This species of Tern is what is known as piscivores meaning that they live on a diet of fish. Inca Terns are mostly known for eating anchovies but will also incorporate plankton, crustaceans such as shrimp, crabs and crayfish, and other species of fish into their diets. These seabirds are also kleptoparasites meaning that they will steal food from other animals such as dolphins and sea lions. Inca Terns have been known to steal food straight out of dolphin and sea lion mouths as well as steal fish from fishing boats. One of the most impressive aspects of the Inca Tern's behaviour is its aerial prowess. These birds are skilled fliers, capable of executing intricate manoeuvres in mid-air with remarkable agility. During courtship displays, male Inca Terns engage in elaborate flight routines, soaring and diving in synchronized patterns to attract potential mates. These mesmerizing displays are a testament to the Inca Tern's grace and dexterity. Inca Terns are highly social birds, often nesting in large colonies along coastal cliffs and rocky outcrops. This species of terns become sexually mature around 2-3 years old. During the breeding season, which typically occurs from September to March, these colonies become bustling hubs of activity as pairs of terns engage in courtship rituals and nest-building activities. Inca Terns are monogamous, forming long-term pair bonds with their mates with some pairs even breeding for life. Once these birds have mated, the female of the pair will typically lay a clutch between 1-3 eggs, which are either tan or light brown in colour and feature dark brown spots. They lay their eggs between April-July or October-December and have an incubation period of around 3-4 weeks, of which both parents take it in turns to incubate the eggs. Once the egg/s have hatched both parents of the offspring work together to feed and raise their young until they are ready to fledge at around seven weeks old. Despite their striking appearance and fascinating behaviour, the Inca Tern faces several threats to their survival and have been listed as Near Threatened (NT) by the IUCN with their numbers decreasing. There were once millions of these unique looking seabirds but now there are only around 150,000 in the wild. Habitat loss, pollution, and disturbance at breeding sites are among the primary challenges confronting these birds. Additionally, fluctuations in food availability due to climate change and overfishing (primarily anchovies) caused by humans can impact the Inca Tern's ability to thrive. Predators such as cats, rats, sea lions, raptors/birds of prey and larger seabirds are also declining the Inca Tern’s numbers as natural predators of both adults, chicks, and eggs. Inca Tern populations are also at stake due to humans excessively harvesting the Inca Tern guano (excrement) which is used as a favourite fertilizer, in turn destroying their habitats. However, the Peruvian government has put in place conservation efforts by establishing a reserve to protect Inca Terns and other seabirds from this excessive guano harvesting. By raising awareness about the importance of preserving coastal ecosystems and implementing measures to reduce human impact on nesting sites, conservationists are working to secure a brighter future for these magnificent seabirds. Inca Terns are truly remarkable creatures, embodying the beauty and diversity of South America's coastal regions. With their striking appearance, impressive aerial abilities, and complex social dynamics, these birds have captured the hearts of birdwatchers and nature enthusiasts around the world. As stewards of our planet's biodiversity, it is our responsibility to safeguard the habitats upon which species like the Inca Tern depend. By working together to protect these invaluable ecosystems, we can ensure that future generations of this jewel of the South American coastline will continue to marvel at the splendour of this enigmatic avian species. Photograph of Inca Tern by Ella Munro at Bristol Zoo Map and IUCN listing graphics by Ella Munro IUCN listing

Taxonomy In today’s blog post I will be diving into the basics one of the branches of science that helps us understand the diversity of life on our planet. You may have noticed at the start of each post I write on each organism there is a list which categorises each species otherwise known as taxonomizing. Taxonomy is like a roadmap, a giant filing system that helps scientists organize and categorize all these organisms based on their similarities and differences. Imagine strolling through a lush forest or snorkelling in a vibrant coral reef. Every living creature you encounter, from the largest mammals to the tiniest insects, belongs to a vast network of life forms. At its core, taxonomy aims to answer one fundamental question: How are living things related to each other? To do this, taxonomists use a hierarchical system of classification that was pioneered by the great Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century. This classification system has a few main components being Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. But what do these mean? The highest level of classification is called the Domain, organisms are divided into three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Archaea and Bacteria consist of single-celled microorganisms, while Eukarya encompasses all organisms that have complex, membrane-bound cells, which include plants, animals, fungi, and protists. Within the domain called Eukarya, organisms are further divided into Kingdoms. Currently, there are six recognized kingdoms, Animalia (animals), Plantae (plants), Fungi (fungi), Protista (protists), Archaea (archaea), and Bacteria (bacteria). Each of these kingdoms are then subdivided into phyla. Phyla group together organisms that share certain key characteristics. For example, within the animal kingdom, there are phyla such as Chordata (which includes vertebrates like mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish) and Arthropoda (which includes insects, spiders, and crustaceans). After the phylum level of organisation, organisms are further classified into increasingly specific categories. These include class, order, family, genus, and species. For example, humans belong to the following classifications: Animalia (kingdom), Chordata (phylum), Mammalia (class), Primates (order), Hominidae (family), Homo (genus), and sapiens (species). By systematically categorizing organisms into the hierarchical levels listed above, it enables taxonomists to uncover evolutionary relationships and better understand the diversity of life on earth. However, it's essential to remember that taxonomy is not static, and as scientific knowledge advances, classifications of organisms may change as new evidence emerges. In addition to providing insights into evolutionary history, taxonomy plays a crucial role in fields such as ecology, conservation biology, and medicine. Understanding the relationships between organisms allows us to make sense of ecosystems, track biodiversity loss, and even discover new species that could even have potential medicinal properties. IUCN Red List of Endangered Species Another way in which I categorise organisms within my blogs, that you may have seen, is the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species. Sadly, the scenario where a world where majestic animals like tigers, gentle giants like elephants, and delicate plants like orchids are on the brink of extinction is a reality for many species today. So, what exactly is the IUCN Red List? The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List serves as a comprehensive database that assesses the conservation status of species found across the globe. It evaluates the extinction risk of thousands of species based on rigorous scientific criteria. These assessments are conducted by experts from around the globe, including zoologists, botanists, ecologists, and conservationists. Species are categorized into nine different threat levels based on their population size, trend, and distribution. The main categories of the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species are as follows: Not Evaluated (NE): Species that have not yet been evaluated. Data Deficient (DD): Indicating inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on distribution and/or population status. Least Concern (LC): Species in this category are widespread and abundant, with no immediate threat of extinction. Near Threatened (NT): Species that are close to being classified as threatened but do not yet qualify for that status fall into this category. It's a warning sign that conservation action may be needed in the future. Vulnerable (VU): Species in this category face a high risk of extinction in the wild if their habitats continue to decline or if other threatening factors persist. Endangered (EN): Species in this category are at a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Urgent conservation action is needed to prevent their disappearance. Critically Endangered (CR): Species in this category are at an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Without immediate and intensive intervention, they may be lost forever. Extinct in the Wild (EW): Species that survive only in captivity or cultivation, with no remaining populations in their natural habitats, are classified as extinct in the wild. Extinct (EX): Species that no longer exist anywhere on Earth are classified as extinct. These categories are usually displayed on my blog posts via a graphic designed by myself as seen below: By assessing species against these criteria, the Red List provides crucial information for conservation planning and decision-making. It helps identify species in need of urgent protection, prioritize conservation efforts, and track changes in the status of biodiversity over time. But why does the Red List matter? The Red List serves as a wake-up call, alerting us to the escalating biodiversity crisis facing our planet. It highlights the human activities driving species to the brink of extinction, such as habitat destruction, climate change, poaching, and pollution. Moreover, the Red List is a powerful tool for raising awareness and mobilizing action. By shining a spotlight on endangered species, it inspires individuals, governments, and organizations to take steps to protect and conserve our planet's precious biodiversity. Post by Ella Munro Taxonomy image from Britannica IUCN Red List graphic by Ella Munro IUCN Red List logo from The IUCN

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Genus: Canis Species: Canis lupus arctos In the remote and frigid landscapes of the Arctic, a magnificent creature roams with a grace that belies its harsh surroundings—the Arctic Wolf. Also known as the Canis lupus arctos, this stunning predator is a sub-species of the grey wolf and is perfectly adapted to survive in one of the most extreme environments on Earth. Join us on a journey into the icy realm of the Arctic Wolf, exploring its unique characteristics, behaviour, and the critical role it plays in maintaining the delicate balance of the Arctic ecosystem. Artic Wolves (Canis lupus arctos) typically have a life span of 7–17 years and weigh between 32-70 KG (70.4 – 154 pounds). They can grow up to a length of 90-180 centimetres and a height of 63-79 centimetres with a top speed of around 40 MPH (65 KM/H). The Artic wolf can be found in the Artic regions of Greenland and North America as well as Arctic region’s glacier valleys, northern rolling hills, and ice fields by shallow lakes. They tend to take residence within mountain biomes and polar, cold climate zones. This species is awake either during the day or at night but are typically diurnal (active during the daytime). The Arctic wolf boasts a distinctive appearance, being the only species/sub-species of wolf with its pristine white coat which provides exceptional camouflage against the snowy backdrop. This thick fur not only conceals the wolf from prey but also serves as insulation, protecting it from the bone-chilling temperatures that can plummet well below freezing. Unlike their grey wolf relatives, Arctic Wolves possess shorter ears and snouts, minimizing heat loss and in turn adapting to the harsh colder climate. During winter months Artic wolves (Canis lupus arctos) grow a second layer of fur to protect themselves against the cold. Like many other animals, such as domestic dogs, Arctic wolves have a mechanism that keeps their paws and paw pads at a temperature lower than the body core, which minimizes heat loss in them, although they are in contact with the frozen ground. Blood going into their paws heats the blood that is leaving, preventing their core from getting cooled by the loss of heat through their feet. The feet of birds such as ducks and penguins have similar mechanisms. Survival in the unforgiving Arctic conditions requires a combination of physical adaptations and intelligent behaviour. Arctic Wolves are highly social animals, typically forming packs or routs of around 7-8 related members, to increase their chances of securing food in the vast, frozen expanses. A wolf has a few different means of communication. Their communication is intricate, involving a range of vocalizations, body language, and even scent marking. These packs are led by an alpha pair (1 alpha male and 1 beta female), showcasing a complex social structure that ensures cooperation and coordination in the face of extreme conditions. Each wolf knows its position through body posture communication. Artic wolves howl for many reasons from signalling their location to other pack members or bringing members together for a hunt, to warning neighbouring wolves to stay away from their territory. They also use scent markings to communicate territorial boundaries, as well as their presence to other wolves, whether in their pack or neighbouring. Arctic Wolves are carnivores meaning they live on a diet of meat. They are apex predators in their icy domain, preying on a variety of Arctic-dwelling species such as muskoxen, Arctic hares, lemmings, and caribou. Their hunting strategies often involve strategic teamwork, with pack members collaborating to isolate and bring down their prey. Artic wolves are pursuit and ambush predators. Once the pack has caught their prey, they then share their kill. The efficiency of these hunting techniques is crucial for the survival of the pack. Males of this species are called dogs where the female is called a bitch, and their young are called pups or whelps. Within an Artic wolf pack only the alpha male and beta female are allowed to mate and show a monogamous mating behaviour. This occurs between the months of January-March and if successful the female will have a gestation period of 61-63 days. Artic wolves are viviparous (viviparity is the development of the embryo inside the body of the parent). After the gestation period around 5-7 pups are born and will depend upon the entire pack to help protect them. The new-born pups weigh roughly around a pound, are brown in colour, and are deaf and blind rendering them helpless. When the pups reach around 10 days old their eyes start to open and only after the 2 weeks mark the very protective mother of the pups will allow other members of the pack into the den to share the responsibility of looking after the pups. When the pups are around 2 months old, they are weaned off the mother and will soon begin learning how to play and hunt, taught by their fathers. Pups are strong enough to join, travel with and learn survival skills from the pack. Male pups will become reproductively mature at a year old and females will become reproductively mature at around 2 years old. Arctic Wolves play a vital role in maintaining the health of the Arctic ecosystem. By controlling the populations of herbivores like caribou and muskoxen, they help prevent overgrazing, ensuring the survival of delicate plant species in the region. This cascading effect underscores the intricate interdependence of species in this extreme environment, highlighting the importance of preserving the Arctic Wolf's habitat. The Artic Wolf (Canis lupus arctos) is seen as Least Concern (LC) with a population size of around 200,000 individuals according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Due to their isolation, Arctic wolves are not under threat by habitat destruction and hunting as their southern relatives are and are the only wolf sub-species that is not threatened. Despite their ability to thrive in one of the harshest environments on Earth, Arctic Wolves face threats that could endanger their populations in the future. Climate change, industrial development, and disruptions to their prey base all contribute to the challenges that these magnificent creatures may confront. Conservation efforts are crucial to protecting the Arctic Wolf and preserving the delicate balance of the Arctic ecosystem. The Arctic Wolf stands as a symbol of resilience in the face of adversity, embodying the beauty and harshness of the Arctic wilderness. As we marvel at its adaptations, behaviour, and ecological significance, it becomes evident that the conservation of these magnificent creatures is not only essential for their survival but also for the preservation of a fragile and harsh ecosystem. As stewards of the planet, it is our responsibility to protect and respect the Arctic Wolf and its habitat, ensuring that future generations can continue to be captivated by the wonders of this vast frozen wilderness. All images taken by Ella Munro at Hoo Zoo Audio from Yellowstone National Park Service Conservation status from IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Family: Chamaeleonidae Genus: Chamaeleo Species: Chamaeleo calyptratus Yemen and Saudi Arabia are countries nestled in the southwestern corner of the Arabian Peninsula and are homes to a plethora of unique and fascinating species. Among its diverse array of wildlife, the Yemen chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus), also known as the veiled chameleon, stands out as a true jewel within the Arabian fauna. The Yemen chameleon is renowned for its striking appearance and remarkable adaptability. With a colour palette that spans greens, blues, yellows, and browns, these chameleons are masters of camouflage, effortlessly blending into their surroundings. The colour of a veiled chameleon can depend on many factors such as social status, with males typically being brighter than females. Yemen chameleons are also known for their large, expressive, unique eyes can move independently, providing them with a 360-degree field of vision. This panoramic view of their surroundings enhances their ability to spot potential threats or prey. Their long, prehensile tail assists in maintaining balance, especially when navigating and climbing within the uneven terrain of their natural habitat. Veiled chameleons are named appropriately as both males and females feature a casque on their heads which continues to grow as they mature and can reach up to approximately 5cm (2 inches) on the largest adults. Yemen chameleons are primarily found in the mountainous regions of Yemen and Saudi Arabia in Western Asia. Their natural habitat includes a variety of environments, ranging from dense forests to arid plains. These chameleons prefer warmer temperatures but are well-adapted to both high and low temperatures, showcasing their versatility in different ecosystems. Veiled chameleons are typically found within a tropical climate zone. Known for their solitary nature, Yemen chameleons are primarily arboreal, spending much of their time in trees and shrubs. Their agile limbs and prehensile tail make them adept climbers, allowing them to navigate their complex environments with ease. These chameleons are also characterized by their slow and deliberate movements, a behaviour that aids in ambushing prey and avoiding predators. Yemen chameleons are insectivores, with their diet consisting mainly of insects such as crickets, grasshoppers, and butterflies. Their specialized tongue, which can extend rapidly to catch prey, is a marvel of evolutionary adaptation as can be seen in the video. Adequate hydration is crucial for their well-being, and they often obtain water from dew or rainfall. This species has also been known to eat plant matter as not only a source of food but as a means to obtain water also. The reproductive process of Yemen chameleons is an intriguing spectacle. Males display vibrant colours and engage in elaborate courtship rituals such as head rolls and chin rubs to attract females. After mating, the female lays a clutch of eggs (up to 85) in a concealed location (usually buried within the sand), and the incubation period is usually around 150-190 days but varies depending on environmental conditions. Once the eggs hatch, miniature pastel green versions of the adult chameleons emerge. These babies are independent from when they hatch and are already displaying their iconic colour-changing abilities. As they mature, they develop their classic stripes and different colours. While Yemen chameleons have adapted to their harsh environments and are listed as a Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2012), they face several threats to their survival in the wild. Habitat loss due to human activities, climate change, road kills, and the illegal pet trade pose significant challenges to this species. Conservation efforts are crucial to safeguarding these unique creatures and preserving the delicate balance of their ecosystems to ensure they have the best chance of survival. The Yemen chameleon, with its mesmerizing appearance and remarkable adaptability, serves as a testament to the biodiversity of the Arabian Peninsula. As we appreciate the beauty of these creatures, it is essential to recognize the importance of conservation measures to ensure their continued existence in the wild. By understanding and protecting the habitats of Yemen chameleons, we contribute to the broader effort of preserving the rich tapestry of life that graces our vast unusual planet. Graphics made by Ella Munro Photos and videos taken by Ella Munro at Plantasia in Swansea IUCN Red List of Threatened Species classification

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Ailuridae Genus: Ailurus Species: Ailurus fulgens Nestled in the misty mountain ranges of the Eastern Himalayas, a charismatic and elusive creature roams the dense bamboo forests – the red panda (Ailurus fulgens). Often referred to as the "fire fox" these enchanting animals captivate the hearts of nature enthusiasts and wildlife lovers alike. Despite their name, red pandas are not closely related to giant pandas, and they boast a unique charm that sets them apart in the animal kingdom. Red pandas are known for their distinctive appearance, characterized by a rust-coloured fur coat with white markings on their face, pointed ears, and a bushy tail. Their cat-like eyes and a mask-like pattern across their eyes and snout contribute to their endearing and mysterious look. While they share some physical features with raccoons and bears, red pandas are in a league of their own. Male red pandas are known as boars whereas females are called sows. This species typically (as an adult) grows to around 56 – 62.5cm (22 - 24.6 inches) long with a bushy tail of around 37 – 47.2cm (14.6 – 18.6 inches) long and weighs between 3.6 – 7.7 kg (8 – 17 pounds). These remarkable creatures inhabit the temperate forests of the Eastern Himalayas, spanning across Nepal, Bhutan, India, northern Myanmar, and China. They are well adapted to high altitudes, with their thick fur providing insulation against the cold. Red pandas are primarily arboreal, spending much of their time in trees, where they are agile climbers. This species has a typical lifespan of around 7 years in the wild and 10 – 12 years in captivity but can live up to 23 years, although they do start to show signs of aging (typically whiter fur coats) at around 12 – 14 years. Red pandas are primarily herbivores, with bamboo constituting a significant portion of their diet. In addition to bamboo shoots and leaves, they also consume fruits, berries, acorns, eggs, roots and occasionally insects and have even been seen feasting on some small animals. Their unique pseudo thumb, formed by an extension of the wrist bone, aids in gripping bamboo stems. This species tends to be solitary creatures (apart from mating season) and are generally nocturnal, though they may be active during the day as well. Red pandas are known for their acrobatic and agile movements, skilfully navigating treetops. Despite their generally docile nature, they can become territorial and use vocalizations, such as squeaks, whistles, and huff-quacks, to communicate with one another. After mating season red pandas usually have a gestation period of around 98 - 145 days and typically give birth to litters of 1 – 4 cubs. For around the first 90 days of the cubs lives they stay in the nest and will stay close to their mothers up until the next mating season. They will become fully independent at around 12 months old and will reach sexual maturity at around 18 months. The red panda faces several threats in the wild, including habitat loss due to deforestation, poaching, and the impact of climate change leaving only around 2,500 – 10,000 individuals in the wild around the world today. Their populations have been and still are declining, with researchers believing their populations to have declined by as much as 50% within the past 20 years, and they are classified as endangered (EN) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Conservation efforts are crucial to protect their habitats, establish breeding programs, and raise awareness about the importance of preserving these unique creatures. Conservation organizations and wildlife reserves are actively engaged in red panda conservation, working towards ensuring a sustainable future for these delightful creatures. With companies such as Disney creating a movie called Turning Red featuring a red panda as its main character also spreading awareness of these charming unique animals and making them a fan favourite to see. In the realm of charismatic fauna, red pandas stand out as one of nature's true gems. Their fiery fur, playful antics, and unique adaptations make them a species worth protecting and admiring. As we delve into the world of red pandas, let us strive to appreciate and safeguard the beauty of these enchanting creatures, ensuring that they continue to roam the misty mountain forests for generations to come. To help ensure the survival these fantastic little guardians of the Himalayan forests you can donate to conservation charities or organisations dedicated to saving this species such as the Red Panda Network, WWF or check with wildlife parks/zoos with conservation efforts such as Manor Wildlife Park where you can adopt one of these unique characters. Graphics created by Ella Munro Photos taken by Ella Munro at Manor Wildlife Park of Betty and Cherry Donate: Red Panda Network WWF Manor Wildlife Park IUCN Classification from the Red List of Threatened Species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Accipitriforms Family: Accipitridae Genus: Accipiter Species: Accipiter gentilis The Eurasian Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) stands as a majestic and enigmatic raptor, capturing the imagination of bird enthusiasts and wildlife observers alike. This bird of prey, known for its powerful build and impressive hunting prowess, inhabiting diverse ecosystems across Europe and Asia. Let's delve into the fascinating world of the Eurasian Goshawk and uncover the secrets behind its aerial mastery. The Eurasian Goshawk is a bird of regal stature, boasting a robust build and striking plumage. Adult individuals display a distinctive slate-grey coloration on their upperparts, while their underparts feature varying shades of white, darker greys, blacks and brown. They feature piercing yellow eyes and sharp, hooked beaks which altogether add to the formidable aura that surrounds these raptors. The main difference between males and females within this species would be that female Eurasian goshawks tend to be much larger than the males. Females are around 58-69 centimetres (23-27 inches) long and have a wingspan of 108-127 centimetres (43-50 inches), whereas the much smaller males have a length of around 46-63 centimetres (18-25 inches) and a wingspan of around 89-122 centimetres (35-48 inches). These majestic birds have an average life span of around 7 years within the wild, with the oldest ever goshawk recorded by ring to be 19 years of age, and an apparent recorded age in captivity of 29 years old. They are able to reach speeds of up to 40 mph (64.4 km/h) and have a shrill, urgent- sounding ‘kee-kee-kee’ call that you can hear below. Eurasian Goshawks are adaptable birds, thriving in a range of habitats from dense forests to open woodlands. They are found across Europe and Asia, with their distribution spanning from the Iberian Peninsula to Japan. These birds exhibit remarkable territorial behaviour, fiercely defending their hunting grounds from intruders. Renowned for their exceptional flying abilities, Goshawks are agile and efficient hunters. They navigate through dense forests with remarkable precision, utilizing their short wings and long tails to manoeuvre effortlessly. The distinctive flight pattern, characterized by rapid twists and turns, showcases their expertise in navigating complex environments. Goshawks are formidable predators with a diverse diet. Their dietary menu includes a variety of birds and mammals, with a preference for medium-sized prey. These raptors employ stealth and surprise technique as they hunt, often utilizing the element of surprise by ambushing their quarry from concealed perches. Breeding season for Eurasian Goshawks typically begins in the early spring. During courtship displays, these birds engage in captivating aerial acrobatics, reinforcing the bond between mates. The female is responsible for constructing the nest, usually situated high in a tree, where she lays a small clutch of eggs. It usually takes a female around 6 days to lay a clutch of 4 eggs with those eggs having an incubation period of 35-38 days. The chicks of the goshawk usually become indepedant fledglings after around 3 months. The ICUN Red List of Threatened Species categorises this species to be of least concern with the number of breading pairs of Eurasian goshawks in the wild, globally, is estimated at 160,000-210,000. However, these were once extinct within the UK with only 400-500 of those breeding pairs located here and despite their adaptability, Eurasian Goshawks face conservation challenges, including habitat loss and human disturbances. Efforts to conserve these magnificent birds involve habitat preservation, research on their behaviour, and addressing potential threats such as illegal trapping and poisoning. The Eurasian Goshawk, with its majestic presence and aerial prowess, stands as a symbol of the intricate balance within ecosystems. Understanding and appreciating these raptors is crucial for their conservation. As we delve into the world of the Eurasian Goshawk, we gain not only a glimpse into the life of a remarkable bird but also a deeper appreciation for the diverse and intricate tapestry of nature. Photos of Eurasian Goshawk (Name: Nyyrikki) taken by Ella Munro at the British Bird of Prey Centre in Carmarthen Audio of Goshawk call from Jorick van Arneym / xeno-canto.org ICUN status from the ICUN Red List of Threatened Species

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae Genus: Milvus Species: Milvus milvus Red kites, with their striking russet feathers and distinctive forked tails, are magnificent birds of prey that have captured the fascination of birdwatchers and nature enthusiasts alike. These majestic raptors are known for their impressive aerial displays and unique hunting techniques, making them a captivating subject for anyone interested in the wonders of the avian world. Red kites (Milvus milvus) are medium-sized birds of prey belonging to the Accipitridae family. Their iconic rusty plumage, forked tail, combined with a wingspan of about 175 to 179 centimetres (68-71 inches) and length of 60-70 centimetres (23.6-27.6 inches), makes them easily recognizable. These birds are primarily found in Europe, with populations scattered across the United Kingdom, Spain, France, and other European countries with a population size of around 60-70 thousand. These birds have typical habitats of forests, shrublands, grasslands and artificial/terrestrial habitats. This species of bird can reach a weight of around 800-1300g (28-46 oz) and a top speed of 113 mph (183 km/h). The red kite has a high pitched shriek like call as can be heard below. One of the most enchanting aspects of red kites is their aerial prowess. These birds are renowned for their acrobatic flight displays, soaring high in the sky with effortless grace. The distinctive forked tail plays a crucial role in their manoeuvrability, allowing them to twist and turn with remarkable agility. Witnessing a group of red kites engaging in synchronized flight is a breath-taking spectacle that leaves a lasting impression. Red kites are opportunistic hunters, being carnivores and scavengers, feeding on a varied diet that includes small mammals, birds, and carrion. Their scavenging habits have led to a unique hunting behaviour known as "kiting." This involves hovering in the air, scanning the ground for potential prey or carrion. The keen eyesight of red kites, coupled with their agile flight, makes them highly effective hunters. This species of bird prefers to hunt their prey in open areas, where they fly low just above the ground. They can also be found hunting by sitting on a perch for many hours waiting for any prey to pass by. Once prey is spotted, the red kite will dive bomb to catch it with its talons. These fascinating birds are monogamous meaning that they mate for life reaching sexual maturity at around 1 year old although they don’t usually breed until they’re 2 years old. The reproduction season for red kites is between March to May with their nests usually placed at around 12-15m (39-49ft) above ground level. The nest is built by both partners and can be found to be made of dead twigs, grass and sheep’s wool. Red kites also like to decorate their nests with pieces of paper and plastic materials, even stealing clothes that people have left out to dry. A female will lay 1-5 eggs in a clutch which have an incubation period of around 31-38 days. Once the incubation period is over and the red kite chicks hatch, they are altricial (helpless), relying on the parents to take care of them. For the first 14 days the female broods with the chicks while the male brings the whole nest food in which the female will feed the chicks. After the 14 days both parents bring items of prey for the chicks to feed on. Chicks tend to fledge anywhere between 48-70 days. According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the red kite is now seen as least concern (LC) with numbers increasing (as of 17 August 2020). Red kites have faced challenges over the years, including habitat loss and persecution. However, concerted conservation efforts have led to a remarkable recovery in some regions. The reintroduction programs in the United Kingdom, for example, have seen the red kite population bounce back, turning them into a conservation success story. As apex predators, red kites play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems. By controlling populations of smaller mammals and birds, they contribute to the overall health and biodiversity of their habitats. Understanding and preserving the habitats of red kites are essential not only for their well-being but also for the well-being of the entire ecosystem they inhabit. Red kites are more than just birds; they are ambassadors of the skies, showcasing the beauty and resilience of the natural world. Their captivating flight, unique hunting techniques, and successful conservation stories make them a subject of great interest for bird enthusiasts and conservationists alike. There are red kite feeding centres across the UK such as Bwlch Nant Yr Arian visitor centre in Aberystwyth run by Natural Resources Wales. In 1999 Bwlch Nant Yr Arian became a red kite feeding station as part of a programme to protect the small number of these birds in the area then. Here you can walk multiple trails, ride bikes along the bike trail or skills park and my personal favourite to watch the red kite feedings free of charge (other than the car park). You can expect to see as many as 150 red kites (more during winter months) at once that come up to the centre to feed on meat and eat on the wing. Always check times before visiting using their website although, the tend to feed these magnificent birds by the lake at Bwlch Nant Yr Arian every day at 2pm in winter (GMT) and at 3pm in summer (BST). I highly recommend visiting if you ever get the chance to. All photos taken by Ella Munro respectively at the British Bird Of Prey Centre at the National Botanic Garden of Wales and Bwlch Nant yr Arian Visitor Centre Audio clip from Xeno-canto bird call

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Lophiiformes Family: Antennariidae Genus: Antennarius Species: Antennarius maculatus In the vast underwater realm, where colours dance and creatures hide, one enigmatic character stands out—the frogfish. This extraordinary fish, with its peculiar appearance and masterful camouflage abilities, has captivated the curiosity of marine enthusiasts and scientists alike. Join us as we dive into the depths of the ocean to unravel the secrets of these intriguing underwater experts. If you have ever seen one of these creatures you were probably looking for a decent amount of time to even spot this ocean dwelling fish and a closer look at Frogfish anatomy, the frogfish might seem like an odd creation. With its stocky body, lure-like appendage, and an ability to change colours, it is a true marvel of nature. Their pectoral and pelvic fins have evolved into limb-like structures, allowing them to "walk” on the ocean floor—a behaviour that sets them apart from their fishy counterparts. Frogfish are unparalleled masters of disguise. Their skin is adorned with intricate patterns and textures that mimic the surrounding environment, providing them with a stealthy advantage in both hunting and avoiding predators. Whether blending into coral reefs, sandy bottoms, or floating seaweed, these chameleons of the sea can transform their appearance in a matter of weeks. The warty frogfish (Antennarius maculatus) can grow up to 15 centimetres (5.9 inches) long. One of the most fascinating features of the frogfish is its illicium, a modified dorsal spine topped with a fleshy lure known as the esca. This lure, often resembling a small fish or worm, is dangled in front of the frogfish to attract unsuspecting prey. With lightning-fast strikes, the frogfish can engulf prey nearly as large as itself, displaying a remarkable combination of patience and precision. Frogfish will eat ornamental shrimp, krill, cockles, mussels, small crabs, and small fish. They can also be found perching on and irritating certain corals. Frogfish are not only intriguing in their appearance and hunting techniques but also in their reproductive habits. Some species exhibit elaborate courtship rituals, with males engaging in a dance-like display to attract females. Once a pair has bonded, the female can produce hundreds of eggs, and the male takes on the responsibility of guarding them until they hatch. It has been observed within their natural wild habitats that frogfish lay eggs that are bound in a ribbon-like sheath/mass of gelatinous mucus which is called an 'egg raft' or 'veil'. These unusual looking fish are found in tropical waters (24-28°C (75.2-82.4°F)), in shallow waters (maximum depth of 15 meters (49ft)) withing the Indo-West Pacific region. Typically found in areas such as the Maldives, Singapore, Indonesia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and Solomon Islands. Juvenile frogfish are usually found openly upon the reef whereas adult frogfish are usually found upon the sponges and soft corals. This acts as the perfect camouflage for adults as they look just like a piece of rock or coral you would expect to find in these aquatic habitats. According to the ICUN Red List of Threatened Species guidelines the warty frogfish (Antennarius maculatus) is considered an endangered species (EN). The world of frogfish is diverse, with over 50 recognized species. Each species has its unique characteristics, from the psychedelic colours of the painted frogfish to the ingenious mimicry of the hairy frogfish. Exploring these varied species provides a glimpse into the incredible adaptability and evolutionary strategies that have allowed frogfish to thrive in various underwater habitats. As we peel back the layers of the ocean's mysteries, the frogfish emerges as a truly remarkable and captivating creature. Its ability to blend seamlessly into its surroundings, employ ingenious hunting tactics, and display a spectrum of vibrant colours make it a subject of endless fascination. The frogfish, with its peculiar charm, continues to remind us of the incredible diversity that lies beneath the surface of our planet’s oceans. Photo of frogfish taken by Ella Munro at Pontarddulais - Maidenhead Aquatics

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Amphibia Order: Anura Family: Hylidae Genus: Litoria Species: Litoria caerulea White’s tree frogs, scientifically known as Litoria caerulea, are captivating amphibians that have become popular among reptile and amphibian enthusiasts. Native to Australia, New Guinea, and Indonesia, these delightful creatures are often cherished for their distinctive appearance, gentle demeanor, and unique behaviors. In the wild, White’s tree frogs inhabit tropical and subtropical rainforests, as well as savannas and grasslands. They are excellent climbers and are often found clinging to vegetation or perched on tree branches, earning them the nickname “tree frogs.” Due to their adaptable nature, these frogs have successfully established populations in various environments, including urban areas. Characterized by their vibrant green coloration, White’s tree frogs feature a stout body with smooth skin and large, expressive eyes. One of their endearing qualities is the ability to change color based on factors such as stress, temperature, and surroundings, ranging from bright green to a more subdued blue or brown. The average age for the wonderful amphibians is approximately 16 years however there have been cases of these frogs living up to 21 years. The average size for the White’s tree frog is around 7-12 centimeters (3-4.5 inches), and have a distinctive call, resembling a soft, melodic bark. Despite their laid-back demeanor, they are skilled hunters and primarily feed on insects and other small invertebrates. White’s tree frogs have a diverse diet that includes crickets, mealworms, roaches, and other appropriately sized insects. A well-balanced diet is essential to ensure their nutritional needs are met. Those that chose to keep White’s tree frogs in captivity will find that dusting their food with a calcium supplement helps prevent nutritional deficiencies. Known for their calm and docile nature, White’s tree frogs are often considered suitable pets for amphibian enthusiasts. Creating a suitable habitat for White’s tree frogs is crucial for their well-being. A spacious terrarium with ample climbing opportunities, foliage, and hiding spots mimics their natural environment. It’s important to maintain proper humidity levels, temperature, and provide a shallow water dish for hydration. Regular health checks are vital for captive White’s tree frogs. Signs of good health include clear eyes, smooth skin, and a robust appetite. Any changes in behavior, appearance, or eating habits should result in a prompt visit to a qualified reptile veterinarian. According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the White’s tree frog (Litoria caerulea) is at Least Concern (LC) and they have stable numbers, neither increasing nor decreasing. These amphibians are really special with each having their own funny little personalities. All photos of White’s Tree Frogs taken by Ella Munro at Plantasia located in Swansea, Wales, UK. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species for Red List staus and population trend.

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Hexapoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Saturniidae Genus: Attacus Species: Attacus atlas Atlas moths (Attacus atlas) are not only are they the largest moths on Earth, but they also boast remarkable features that make them stand out in the world of lepidoptera. The most striking feature of Atlas moths is their incredible size, making them an object of fascination for entomologists and nature enthusiasts, with wingspans that can reach up to 27 centimetres (10 inches) or even more with females typically being larger than males, these moths are often referred to as the "world's largest moths.” Atlas moths have a distinct and beautiful appearance. Their wings are a rich reddish-brown colour, often adorned with intricate patterns and eye-catching markings. The edges of their wings may have wavy lines and distinct spots, creating a visually appealing display. What truly sets them apart, however, are the translucent, window-like patches on their wings. These patches, located on the tips of the forewings, give the moth an ethereal quality. Atlas moths are primarily found in the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. Their habitat extends from India through Southeast Asia and into parts of Indonesia. These moths are well adapted to the warm and humid climates of these areas. They are often found occupying forest and rainforest terrestrial biomes. One of the most unique characteristics of Atlas moths is their short-lived adult life. Atlas moths have a 1-2 week lifespan on average and similar other moths, undergo a complete metamorphosis. Their life cycle consists of four main stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa (cocoon), and adult moth. Adult female Atlas moths lay their eggs on the leaves of host plants, such as the aromatic cinnamon or castor plants. The caterpillars are voracious eaters and can grow quite large. They have a greenish appearance with spiky, hair-like structures and yellowish bands. When the caterpillar reaches maturity, it spins a cocoon. Inside this cocoon, it undergoes a remarkable transformation, turning into a pupa. The cocoon is often brown and papery in texture. After a few weeks, the adult moth emerges from the cocoon, fully developed and ready to take flight. The adult Atlas moth's primary purpose is to reproduce, although they have a relatively short lifespan. The cacoons of these magnificent creatures are sometimes used as small pocket change purses within. Taiwan, with their silk having the potential to become an alternative for common silks. One other unique feature of the adult Atlas moth is that they do not have functional mouthparts, which means they cannot eat as adults. They rely solely on the energy stored during their caterpillar stage, which lasts for about two weeks. During this time, their main goal is to find a mate and reproduce. Atlas moth caterpillar’s are herbivores (folivore) with a diet of leaves, which can be led to them being seen as pests if feasting on crops. According to the IUCN Red List criteria the atlas moth’s conservation status is endangered (EN). However, this could be revised and set to vulnerable (VU). If you ever have the opportunity to encounter one of these magnificent creatures in the wild, it's an experience you won't soon forget. The Atlas moth is a reminder of the incredible diversity of life on our planet, and a testament to the beauty of the insect world. Photo taken by Ella Munro at the National Botanic Garden of Wales Butterfly House